نرم افزار Xsite محصول شرکت Itasca شبیه ساز سه بعدی عددی هایدرولیک فرکچرینگ بر اساس Synthetic Rock Mass (SRM) و روش های Lattice می باشد. نرم افزار Xsite قادر به مدل سازی چاه های چند شاخه به صورت حفره باز و لوله های جداری پرفوریت شده است. این نرم افزار تمامی مسائل و مشکلات هایدرولیک فرکچر ماننده توزیع شکاف در مخازن شکاف دار طبیعی که به صورت روش های قطعی و شرطی در قالب مدل های DNF ساخته شده باشند را حل می کند. 

بررسی نرم افزار XSite:

XSite is a powerful three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation program based on the Synthetic Rock Mass (SRM) and Lattice methods. XSite is capable of modeling multiple wellbores with multiple stages and clusters, including open-hole completions and perforation tunnels. XSite resolves general hydraulic fracture interaction, including propagation in naturally fractured reservoirs with deterministically or stochastically generated discrete fracture networks (DFNs). The models conduct fully coupled hydro-mechanical simulations. Fluid flow is simulated as fracture flow within the joint networks and as matrix flow within the intact rock. Proppant transport and placement logic is included. Proppant affects fracture closure and fracture conductivity. General pumping schedules can be simulated with switching injected Newtonian or power-law fluids. The borehole flow is coupled with the rest of the model to determine distribution of fluid between multiple clusters. Synthetic microseismicity can be tracked and recorded.

Special-purpose Software:

The user interface is easy to use, with no commands or scripting needed
Extendable library of rock and fluid types; no numerical calibration necessary
Easy definition of geology (layers and structures), including importing geological geometries from DXF files
Easy definition of multiple wellbores, stages, and clusters, including importing geometry from DXF files
Easy definition of injection rates and schedules
Easy post-processing with many plot types
Model state can be saved at any stage and restarted later
Models can be run interactively and in batch mode
Export results in many formats, including formats that can be read by reservoir simulators

XSite is a special-purpose software package designed to meet the needs of hydraulic fracturing simulation. Main features available with XSite include:

No assumptions regarding the fracture shape or trajectory
Fracture propagation in inhomogeneous and naturally fractured rock masses
Interactions between hydraulic fractures, joints, and between stages and wells (including the stress shadow effect and hydraulic connectivity) are accounted for
In situ stresses may be specified
Arbitrary number of wellbores and injection points
Synthetic microseismicity is generated as the fractures slip or propagate, providing a method for model calibration with field observations
Non-steady fluid flow within joints and the intact rock
Proppant transport and placement
Thermal analysis
Heat conduction (and thermo-mechanical effects) in the rock and heat exchange with the fluid in fractures can be simulated
Approximated heat advection by injected fluid

Hydro-mechanical Coupling and Flow:

Fluid flow and mechanical simulations can be done separately or coupled
The fluid flow is approximated by a flow through a network of pipes that connect fluid elements, located at the centers of either broken springs or springs intersected by pre-existing joints
The flow pipe network is dynamic and automatically updated by connecting newly formed micro-cracks to the existing flow network
Non-steady fluid flow is modeled within the joint network and intact rock, maintaining continuity of fluid mass and pressures between joints and the rock matrix
Effective stress calculations are carried out
Fracture permeability depends on aperture, or on the deformation of the solid model
Fluid pressure affects both deformation and the strength of the solid model
The deformation of the solid model affects the fluid pressures (i.e., fluid pressure changes under undrained conditions)
Includes logic for simulation of proppant transport and placement
Newtonian and power-law fluid flow available
Non-Darcy effects and pressure drop at perforation clusters are possible
Represents leakoff explicitly, as flow into DFN and porous medium flow into rock matrix, or as Carter leakoff

Microseismicity:

Synthetic microseismic events are formed in the model by new micro-crack (tensile bond breaks) and slip on existing joints (assuming all slips are seismic)
Event magnitudes associated with micro-cracks and joint slips are calculated differently
Since springs are brittle and their breakage always results in local instability, it is possible to estimate radiated seismic energy based on transient change in strain energy in the vicinity of the broken spring or micro-crack
In the case of slippage across natural fractures, the energy released by the slip events is calculated based on the slip area, slip magnitude, and elastic properties of the surrounding medium
This allows ranking of different microseismic events (both bond breakage and joint slips) occurring during simulation based on their magnitude
Events that are related spatially and temporally are clustered together

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